Torch IgG IgM Test

A TORCH test, also known as the TORCH IgM IgG test, is performed to detect the presence of specific types of infections in pregnant women. The Torch Panel test (also called the Torch IgG & IgM Test) works by checking the blood for two types of antibodies. If IgG antibodies show up, it means the mother had an infection at some point in the past. However, if IgM antibodies are detected, it indicates a current or very recent infection that requires immediate attention. 

The TORCH blood test provides doctors with vital information to protect both mother and baby from preventable health risks. Early detection through the Torch Test for females enables timely treatment, which can make a significant difference in a child's development. 

Why Doctors Recommend the TORCH IgG and IgM Test

A doctor usually prescribes a TORCH test in the following situations, which helps identify dangerous infections early.

• As a routine check-up in the first trimester of pregnancy
• If someone is planning their pregnancy
• If a baby is born with congenital abnormalities
• If a pregnant woman is experiencing symptoms of certain infections

Let’s understand this in detail.

Pregnancy Checkups - Many doctors include it in routine prenatal screenings to check for infections that could harm the unborn baby. It helps detect active or recent infections that may risk the fetus. 

Suspected Infections - If a pregnant woman shows symptoms like fever, rash, or fatigue, the test helps confirm whether a TORCH infection is the cause. 

High-Risk Exposure - Women exposed to infections (like toxoplasmosis or rubella) may need testing to determine if they could pass the disease to their baby.  For example, hearing loss is a common consequence, particularly with congenital CMV and rubella. In babies, it can be present at birth or develop later. Even years after birth, the child may experience hearing loss.

Previous Pregnancy Complications - Those with a history of miscarriages, stillbirths, or other pregnancy issues may be tested to rule out recurring infections. 

Pre-Pregnancy Planning - TORCH infections may present as nonspecific flu-like symptoms like fever, fatigue, and malaise during or after infection. Some doctors recommend the test before conception to assess infection risks and guide safe pregnancy planning.

Some common symptoms a woman and their baby can have due to TORCH infections are:

• Fever and tiredness
• Hearing issues
• Having a low weight at the time of birth
• Red and purple spots on the body
• An enlarged liver

If not detected on time or untreated, these infections can cause severe birth defects, growth complications, and lifelong health challenges for babies.

Preparations Before the TORCH IgG IgM Test

No special preparation is typically needed before getting a TORCH test. However, one should inform the doctor about any medications currently taken, especially if they were prescribed to treat an existing condition. In some cases, the doctor might advise dietary restrictions or other instructions, but they will let the person know beforehand if any adjustments are necessary. 

What to Expect During the Procedure

During the first visit to an Obstetrician, pregnant women generally undergo this test. An Obstetrician or healthcare provider suspects any infection, they may suggest a TORCH test. The TORCH test involves collecting a blood sample from the expectant mother. A medical professional, OR a phlebotomist, collects a blood sample by inserting a sterile needle into a vein in the arm. The blood is then placed into a vial for laboratory testing. This process is not so long and is completed in about five to six minutes.

Once collected, the blood is sent to a lab, where specialised testing methods detect specific antibodies or markers related to TORCH infections. 

Understanding the Test Results

Factors like age, previous medical history, medications and many other things may vary the result of the TORCH test.  Depending on the occurrence of IgG and IgM antibodies in the blood sample, the result can be either positive or negative. If the antibodies are present, it may indicate a current or new infection in he infant. Below are the results of the TORCH panel test:

IgG Antibodies:

The blood sample will be analysed in a lab, with results typically available in a few days. Elevated IgG levels may suggest: -

• Allergies or chronic infections 
• Autoimmune disorders (like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or celiac disease) 
• Liver disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or certain cancers (lymphoma, leukaemia) 

Low IgG levels indicate a weakened immune system, possibly due to: -

• Immunosuppressant medications (e.g., steroids) 
• Diabetes complications or kidney disease 
• Inherited or acquired immune deficiencies (such as HIV/AIDS) 

IgM Antibodies:

High Levels suggest a current infection (viral, bacterial, or parasitic) or autoimmune activity. Potential causes include: -

• Hepatitis, cirrhosis, or chronic infections 
• Cancers like lymphoma or leukaemia 
• Autoimmune disorders (where the body attacks itself) 

TORCH test normal report levels generally mean no active infection is present. 

Low Levels  may signal: -

• Immune deficiencies (increased infection risk) 
• Fading response to a long-term infection  
• Conditions like kidney disease, severe burns, or malnutrition 

Next Steps

Lab results alone don’t always diagnose conditions; always review them with the doctor, who will consider symptoms and medical history for accurate interpretation. 

What Can Cause Elevated IgG or IgM Levels?

An elevated IgG level is usually related to a current or recent infection or after vaccination. Further, in many cases, it can be seen in chronic active infection or inflammation, or association with plasma cell disorders. This growth is a common immune response, indicating that the body is actively fighting an infection or has formed long-term immunity through vaccination. In many cases, IgG antibodies can remain at high levels even after the infection is resolved, and in some cases, they can remain in the bloodstream for several months or years.

Causes of an elevated IgG include: -

• IgG myeloma
• Chronic liver disease, e.g. cirrhosis
• Sarcoidosis
• Chronic infection
• Autoimmune disease
• Parasitic diseases

In patients, the high level of IGM is commonly associated with a series of conditions such as infection, autoimmune disorder and inflammatory disease. In individuals with hyper-IgM syndrome, a COVID-19 infection can temporarily increase serum IGG and IGA levels. In addition, patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome have shown elevated IGM levels, suggesting that IGM may have a possible value in predicting clinical results. Causes of an elevated IgM level include:

• Liver disease
• Infection
• Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia

Common Infections Detected Through TORCH IgG and IgM Test 

The TORCH panel test screens for five key infections that can harm unborn babies: 

Toxoplasmosis - A parasite infection spread through cat faeces. Untreated, it may cause blindness, deafness, or developmental delays in babies. 

Others (Syphilis) - This sexually transmitted infection can lead to stillbirth, birth defects, or hearing loss if passed to the baby. 

Rubella (German Measles) - A contagious viral infection that may cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or vision/hearing problems in newborns. Vaccines have reduced their prevalence. 

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) - Spread through bodily fluids, CMV can affect a baby’s hearing, vision, and cognitive development long-term. 

Herpes Simplex (HSV) - Transmitted during delivery, HSV may cause preterm birth, brain damage, or organ issues in newborns. 

Some tests also screen for: -

• Hepatitis B & C 
• Chickenpox 
• Epstein-Barr virus 
• Parvovirus 
• Measles & mumps 

Early detection helps prevent complications, making the TORCH test vital for high-risk pregnancies.

How to Support a Healthy Immune Response Naturally

A balanced diet is the best way to fight against chronic illnesses like diabetes and heart disease. Nutrient-rich foods strengthen immunity and overall wellness: 

• Berries - Loaded with essential vitamins, antioxidants, and a hint of natural sweetness, berries such as blueberries, blackberries, and goji berries are perfect for blending into smoothies or mixing with yoghurt.
   
• Leafy Greens - Greens like kale and spinach are excellent sources of vitamin C, beta carotene, and antioxidants that help fight off infections and support overall health.
   
• Nuts & Seeds - Rich in magnesium, selenium, and B vitamins, nuts and seeds like almonds, walnuts, and sunflower seeds help strengthen the immune system.

A few modifications in lifestyle matter too: -

• Stay active 
• Avoid smoking 
• Limit alcohol
• Control stress 
• Maintain a healthy weight 
• Keep up with vaccinations